Parenting Journal · The TRICK collection

Independence

Agency, growing responsibility and room to practise with support.

100 articles · Page 5 of 5

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41

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Psychometric validation and cross-sectional latent-profile study

The Unique Contribution of Digital Maturity in the AI Era: Psychometric Validation, Predictive Ability and Latent Profile Analysis Among Chinese Primary Students

Does my child use digital tools thoughtfully, or mainly feel familiar with them?

Primary school; combined mean age 10.38 yearsCC BY 4.0AI-literacy assessment; no deployed child-facing AI system evaluatedChild-facing evidence
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43

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Eight-week quasi-experimental mixed-methods study

Impact of Generative AI-assisted programming on the computational thinking of high school students

How can AI help my teenager learn programming while preserving the ability to reason through errors?

Tenth grade; average age 15 yearsCC BY 4.0Generative AI/LLM programming scaffold under teacher guidanceChild-facing evidence
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45

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Questionnaire-based information experiment

The Influence of Prior Perception, Attitude, and Immediate Knowledge of AI on Adolescents’ Preferences for High- and Low-Replaceable Jobs

How can we discuss AI and future careers without letting a prediction decide my child’s aspirations?

10.25–17.42 years; mean 13.98 yearsCC BY 4.0AI-literacy/career-information experiment; no AI making career recommendationsChild-facing evidence
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46

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Three-arm randomized intervention study

Does artificial intelligence-supported rhythm-enhanced phonological awareness training improve early reading in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A randomised controlled intervention study

Which part of an AI-supported reading activity is actually helping my child practice?

Mandarin-speaking kindergarten children with ADHDCC BY 4.0Conversational generative AI (Doubao) within structured, human-facilitated instructionChild-facing evidence
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47

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Non-concurrent multiple-baseline single-case prototype study

The Use of a Visual Scene Display for the Acquisition of Manding in Young Children with Complex Communication Needs

Could personalized communication supports help my child request something with less adult prompting?

Preschool; reported participant ages approximately 2.8, 3.0, and 4.7 yearsCC BY 4.0Computer vision plus generative-AI AAC prototype; adult-mediated visual-scene creationChild-facing evidence
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48

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Systematic qualitative review

The impact of AI-based painting technology on children’s creative thinking

How can an AI art activity preserve my child’s own ideas and artistic choices?

Under 18 required by eligibility; examples include children ages 5–10CC BY (version not stated)Mixed AI art systems, including generative-image and earlier adaptive/robotic tools; reviewChild-facing evidence
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49

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Systematic review and meta-analysis

AI-driven gamification and metacognitive strategy development: a study of primary school English vocabulary learning from a self-regulated learning perspective

Does a personalized vocabulary game help my child monitor learning, or mainly keep the game moving?

6–12 years; primary schoolCC BY 4.0Heterogeneous adaptive/intelligent language-learning systems; meta-analysis, not an LLM-only evidence baseChild-facing evidence
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50

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Scoping review

Artificial Intelligence in Rehabilitation Targeting the Participation of Children and Youth With Disabilities: Scoping Review

Whose goal is an AI rehabilitation tool helping my child pursue?

Children and youth with disabilities or diagnosed health conditions; ages vary across studiesCC BY 4.0Mixed pediatric rehabilitation AI; predominantly robotics/human-machine interaction, not GenAI-specificFamily implications
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51

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Preregistered within-child feedback experiment

The Effects of Feedback on Children's Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Robot-Assisted Second Language Learning

When a robot or app praises and corrects my child, does that feedback support learning?

5–6 years; final mean age 5 years 6 monthsCC BY (version not stated)Programmed, near-autonomous social robot tutor; human-assisted speech detection, not an LLMChild-facing evidence
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52

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Randomized vocabulary intervention with moderator analyses

Individual Differences in Children’s (Language) Learning Skills Moderate Effects of Robot-Assisted Second Language Learning

What kind of support fits my child’s language and attention profile?

59–81 months; approximately five years oldCC BY 4.0Preprogrammed social robot plus tablet; near-autonomous task responses, not generative AIChild-facing evidence
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53

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Repeated-session observational/moderator study

Do Shy Preschoolers Interact Differently When Learning Language With a Social Robot? An Analysis of Interactional Behavior and Word Learning

Am I mistaking my child’s quiet interaction with an AI or robot for lack of learning?

4.00–5.83 years; mean 4.98 yearsCC BY 4.0Human-teleoperated social robot with programmed behaviors; not an autonomous conversational AIChild-facing evidence
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54

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Randomized three-condition learning-by-teaching experiment

A Comparison of Social Robot to Tablet and Teacher in a New Script Learning Context

Can teaching a robot create useful practice without confusing enjoyment with mastery?

7–9 yearsCC BY 4.0Programmed social robot with handwriting/computer-vision interface; no generative dialogueChild-facing evidence
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55

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Three randomized creativity experiments

Social Robots as Creativity Eliciting Agents

What kinds of AI suggestions help my child generate alternatives rather than copy a model?

5–10 years; construction task 6–10 yearsCC BY (version not stated)Mixed autonomous programmed social robot and human-operated Wizard-of-Oz scaffolding; not an LLMChild-facing evidence
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56

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Randomized human-supported special-education trial

Efficacy of a Robot-Assisted Intervention in Improving Learning Performance of Elementary School Children with Specific Learning Disorders

What should we ask before adding a robot to my child’s reading support?

Third–fourth primary grades; mean age 8.73 yearsCC BY 4.0Programmed humanoid robot in a human-supported teaching package; no LLMChild-facing evidence
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57

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Randomized short laboratory language-learning/EEG experiment

Social robots as effective language tutors for children: empirical evidence from neuroscience

What can a brief robot-learning experiment tell us about how my child learns words?

Preschool; mean age 5.53 yearsCC BY (version not stated)Programmed social robot storytelling/gesture system; not generative AIChild-facing evidence
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58

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Exploratory single-session multi-robot feasibility study

Exploring child engagement in a multi-robot tutor-peer learning scenario

Does adding another AI character help my child think, or mainly add social activity?

4–5 years; mean 4.44 yearsCC BY 4.0Scripted multi-robot learning system; human-entered child responses, not LLM agentsChild-facing evidence
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59

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Small randomized adaptive-versus-fixed robot experiment

Multi-Modal Social Robot Behavioural Alignment and Learning Outcomes in Mediated Child–Robot Interactions

What evidence would show that an adaptive AI partner helps my child learn more?

Primary-school children; school-age sample across three schoolsCC BY 4.0Adaptive non-generative social robot algorithm; human-triggered start/end phasesChild-facing evidence
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60

Vol. 2 · Issue 5 · Independence · Matched-group experimental false-belief task study

Theory of Robot Mind: False Belief Attribution to Social Robots in Children With and Without Autism

How does my child decide what a robot knows or believes?

ASD group 5.08–8.83 years; comparison group 5.24–7.32 yearsCC BY 4.0Programmed social robot in theory-of-mind scenarios; no generative AIChild-facing evidence
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Study designs and age labels describe the source. Read each study’s findings and limitations before applying them to your family.