Journal for School Superintendents · Evidence into practice

Agentic education.
The science of learning with AI.

Explore what tutors, adaptive systems and AI agents can help learners do—and what must still be demonstrated without assistance. Read the licensed research, inspect its population and methods, then open an age-sensitive implementation companion.

634new source papers and companions

3,639 / 7,000overall verified CC source collection

5Agentic & multi-agent systems47Conversational & pedagogical agents134Intelligent tutoring & adaptive learning34Embodied learning agents414Supporting AI learning science

Explicitly agentic systems are labeled separately from chatbots, adaptive tutors and supporting AI learning science. Original authors and DOIs are preserved. Automated relevance, license and design screening is not an independent quality appraisal. Companion guides are AI-assisted editorial material and are not counted as additional source papers.

Different learners. Different evidence requirements.

Stage tags come from source titles and abstracts; exact participant ages require full-text verification. Papers may mention multiple stages, including in reviews or teacher-perception studies; these counts are not counts of child-participant trials. A higher-education finding does not establish effectiveness for children, and an age-band count does not establish a proven intervention.

Stage-specific research questions and collection coverage
Stage mentioned in sourceDesign focusQuestion to testPapers mentioning stage
Early childhood · preschoolAdult-mediated language, play and turn-takingDoes the child demonstrate the skill with a person after the tool is removed?24
Primary schoolGuided hints, concrete examples and fading scaffoldsCan learners explain and transfer the idea independently?17
Secondary schoolSelf-regulation, reasoning and confidence calibrationDoes AI support thinking or replace the learner’s first attempt?72
Children · stage unspecifiedDevelopmental context must be verifiedAre participant ages and the educational setting established?59
K–12 · mixed / unspecifiedGrade-specific appraisal before implementationWhich grades were actually studied, and do results differ by age?19
Higher educationDisciplinary reasoning, feedback and assessmentAre gains measured in students rather than in model exam scores?297
Adult & professional learningAuthentic practice and expert-supervised simulationDoes performance persist on a new task without AI?37
Age / stage not establishedPopulation verification before implementationCan participant ages or education stage be established in the full text?196

What the research currently supports

K–12: inspect the comparator

A systematic review of 28 studies involving 4,597 K–12 learners reported generally positive results for intelligent tutoring, with smaller advantages against non-intelligent tutoring comparators. The included studies were quasi-experimental and varied in duration. This supports carefully designed pilots, rather than an assumption that any AI tutor will improve learning.

Read the review and search its evidence →

Preschool: individual differences matter

A study of 28 children aged 4–5 followed four robot-supported word-learning sessions. Shy children showed different interaction behavior and lower initial post-test scores, but the reported gap closed on a later test. This is a small study of individual differences within robot interaction, not a demonstration that robots outperform teachers. It argues for examining delayed outcomes and learner variation rather than equating expressiveness with learning.

Read the preschool word-learning study →

Young learners: separate engagement from attainment

A nine-week elementary afterschool robot-theater program involved 38 children aged 6–10; 21 participated in research activities. The study reports perceptions and enthusiasm, alongside teacher concerns about distraction and peer relationships. It does not establish a randomized improvement in academic achievement or justify extrapolation to preschoolers.

Read the child–robot study →

University: promising effects can have weak certainty

A review of 66 randomized trials with 4,911 undergraduate health-professions learners found that most studies had high risk of bias and rated certainty low to very low. Positive knowledge, satisfaction or confidence results must be read alongside those limits. These are adult disciplinary settings, not evidence of effectiveness for school-age children.

Read the RCT evidence synthesis →

These brief interpretations are AI-assisted editorial synthesis of the linked source abstracts, not an independent systematic review. Read each full paper’s methods, outcomes and limitations before making an implementation decision.

Performance is not learning

Separate immediate assisted task performance, student satisfaction and model benchmark scores from delayed retention and unaided transfer.

Agency requires a boundary

Specify goals, tool permissions, memory, supervision and stopping rules. A chatbot label alone says little about autonomy or instructional quality.

Evidence needs a comparator

Ask who learned, compared with what, over how long and under which conditions. Review sample size, attrition, outcome validity and risks of bias in the full paper.

Research, agents and actionable companions

634 matching papers. Design labels are screening aids; verify methods before drawing causal conclusions. Clear filters

Supporting AI learning science

Algorithmic and sensor-based research on Chinese children’s and adolescents’ screen use behavior and light environment

Jifang Wang; Yang Shen; Jing Zhao; Xiaoying Wang; Zhi Chen; Tian Han; Yangyi Huang; Yuliang Wang; Wuxiao Zhao; Wen Wen; Xingtao Zhou; Ye Xu

Frontiers in Public Health · 2024-02-22 · CC BY 4.0

Early childhood · preschool · Secondary school · K–12 · mixed / unspecified · Children · stage unspecified
Survey / observational study

Motivation & engagement

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Supporting AI learning science

Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infections with digital mobile microscopy and artificial intelligence in a resource-limited setting

Johan Lundin; Antti Suutala; Oscar Holmström; Samuel Henriksson; Severi Valkamo; Harrison Kaingu; Felix Kinyua; Martin Muinde; Mikael Lundin; Vinod Diwan; Andreas Mårtensson; Nina Linder

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases · 2024-04-11 · CC BY 4.0

Primary school · K–12 · mixed / unspecified · Children · stage unspecified
Survey / observational study

Assessment & reasoning

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Supporting AI learning science

AI + Ethics Curricula for Middle School Youth: Lessons Learned from Three Project-Based Curricula

Randi Williams; Safinah Ali; Nisha Devasia; Daniella DiPaola; Jenna Hong; Stephen P Kaputsos; Brian Jordan; Cynthia Breazeal

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · 2022-08-01 · CC BY 4.0

Secondary school · K–12 · mixed / unspecified · Children · stage unspecified
Design requires full-text appraisal

Motivation & engagement

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Supporting AI learning science

Nurturing diversity and inclusion in AI in Biomedicine through a virtual summer program for high school students

Tomiko Oskotsky; Ruchika Bajaj; Jillian Burchard; Taylor Cavazos; Ina Chen; William T Connell; Stephanie Eaneff; Tianna Grant; Ishan Kanungo; Karla Lindquist; Douglas Myers-Turnbull; Zun Zar Chi Naing; Alice Tang; Bianca Vora; Jon Wang; Isha Karim; Claire Swadling; Janice Yang; AI4ALL Student Cohort 2020; Bill Lindstaedt; Marina Sirota

PLoS Computational Biology · 2022-01-31 · CC BY 4.0

Secondary school · Higher education
Survey / observational study

Motivation & engagement · Accessibility & inclusion

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Conversational & pedagogical agents

Will artificial intelligence change medical life? Bridging the gap between innovation and medical student adoption: a cross-sectional study among university medical students

Mirfat Mohamed Labib Elkashif; Hebatalla Abdelmaksoud Abdelmonsef Ahmed; Mohamed Sayed Abdellatif; Darelglal Ahmed Gassmelseed; Shimaa Mohamed Mohamed Koabar

Frontiers in Medicine · 2026-07-03 · CC BY 4.0

Higher education
Comparative / pre-post study reported

Learning design & outcomes

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Embodied learning agents

AI-generated Feedback Following Social Robotic Virtual Patient Interactions and Medical Student Performance: Nonrandomized Quasi-Experimental Study

Alexander Borg; Jonathan Schiött; William Ivegren; Cidem Gentline; Viking Huss; Anna Margareta Hugelius; Benjamin Jobs; Mini Ruiz; Samuel Edelbring; Carina Georg; Gabriel Skantze; Ioannis Parodis

JMIR Medical Education · 2026-03-25 · CC BY 4.0

Higher education
Randomized study reported

Feedback & scaffolding · Assessment & reasoning

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Conversational & pedagogical agents

Evaluating a Custom Chatbot in Undergraduate Medical Education: Randomised Crossover Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Performance, Utility, and Perceptions

Isaac Sung Him Ng; Anthony Siu; Claire Soo Jeong Han; Oscar Sing Him Ho; Johnathan Sun; Anatoliy Markiv; Stuart Knight; Mandeep Gill Sagoo

Behavioral Sciences · 2025-09-19 · CC BY 4.0

Higher education
Randomized study reported

Feedback & scaffolding · Motivation & engagement · Assessment & reasoning

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Conversational & pedagogical agents

Artificial Intelligence in Dental Education: Overview of Teaching, Assessment and Academic Performance Prediction

Supachai Chuenjitwongsa; Tanit Arunratanothai; Paak Rewthamrongsris; Piyamas Sumrejkanchanakij; Kanoknadda Tavedhikul; Lakshman P Samaranayake; Thanaphum Osathanon

International Dental Journal · 2026-07-11 · CC BY 4.0

Age / stage not established
Qualitative / mixed methods

Self-regulation & metacognition · Motivation & engagement · Assessment & reasoning · Accessibility & inclusion

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Generative AI education leadership collection · Full leadership collection