Parenting Journal · Volume 2 · Issue 4 · Licensed source edition
Prevalence and factors associated with psychological aggression and physical punishment among children aged 12 to 59 months in Malaysia: findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2022
Originally published 2026-06-24 · BMC Public Health
BMC · DOI 10.1186/s12889-026-27414-0 ↗
Editorial reading guide · Respect
What words do I use to enforce a limit with a child who is still learning to speak?
Separating psychological aggression from physical punishment draws attention to how adult speech is measured as part of discipline.
Who was studied?
Caregivers of young children in Malaysia’s 2022 National Health and Morbidity Survey.
Age / stage: Ages 12–59 months
Read with three questions
- How did the survey distinguish psychological aggression from physical punishment?
- Whose perspective is represented by the ratings, and whose perspective is missing?
- What words do I use to enforce a limit with a child who is still learning to speak?
Keep the limits in view
Reports from this sample may reflect who participated and how the questions were worded. Associations alone do not establish that a parenting response caused the outcome.
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Original authorship, publication date, journal and DOI are preserved. This issue’s TRICK placement and reading questions are editorial additions, not claims made by the original authors.
Nurul Haniyah Rosslan; Shubash Shander Ganapathy; Muhammad Hanafi Bakri; Norzawati Yoep (2026). Prevalence and factors associated with psychological aggression and physical punishment among children aged 12 to 59 months in Malaysia: findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2022 BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27414-0
Permissions checked against the saved article notice; repository publication notices screened 2026-11-04. This is not a new peer-review decision. The source authors and publishers are not represented as endorsing this issue.