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Parenting Journal · Volume 1 · Issue 1 · Licensed source edition

Bidirectional Relationship between Positive Parenting Behavior and Children’s Self-Regulation: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

Originally published 2024-01-05 · Behavioral Sciences
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) · DOI 10.3390/bs14010038 ↗

IndependenceThree-wave longitudinal studyCC BY 4.0
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Editorial reading guide · Independence

How might my child’s growing self-control change the support I provide?

The study examines children’s self-regulation alongside warmth, structure, and autonomy support. It illustrates that developing independence involves reciprocal parent–child processes rather than a one-way parental input.

Who was studied?

84 children completing all three waves and their parents in a Chinese kindergarten sample.

Age / stage: Preschool; approximately 3–4 years at baseline

Read with three questions

  1. How did the study distinguish inhibitory control from delayed waiting?
  2. Which parent–child relationships were reciprocal and which were only concurrent?
  3. How did attrition and fading associations affect the conclusions?

Keep the limits in view

The complete-case sample was small after substantial attrition. Cross-lagged associations are not randomized effects, and several relationships faded over time.

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Attribution & reuse

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Original authorship, publication date, journal and DOI are preserved. This issue’s TRICK placement and reading questions are editorial additions, not claims made by the original authors.

Su Wang; Xiaosong Gai; Ines Testoni (2024). Bidirectional Relationship between Positive Parenting Behavior and Children’s Self-Regulation: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010038

Permissions checked against the saved article notice; repository publication notices screened 2026-11-04. This is not a new peer-review decision. The source authors and publishers are not represented as endorsing this issue.