Journal for School Superintendents · Evidence into practice

Agentic education.
The science of learning with AI.

Explore what tutors, adaptive systems and AI agents can help learners do—and what must still be demonstrated without assistance. Read the licensed research, inspect its population and methods, then open an age-sensitive implementation companion.

634new source papers and companions

3,634 / 7,000overall verified CC source collection

5Agentic & multi-agent systems47Conversational & pedagogical agents134Intelligent tutoring & adaptive learning34Embodied learning agents414Supporting AI learning science

Explicitly agentic systems are labeled separately from chatbots, adaptive tutors and supporting AI learning science. Original authors and DOIs are preserved. Automated relevance, license and design screening is not an independent quality appraisal. Companion guides are AI-assisted editorial material and are not counted as additional source papers.

Different learners. Different evidence requirements.

Stage tags come from source titles and abstracts; exact participant ages require full-text verification. Papers may mention multiple stages, including in reviews or teacher-perception studies; these counts are not counts of child-participant trials. A higher-education finding does not establish effectiveness for children, and an age-band count does not establish a proven intervention.

Stage-specific research questions and collection coverage
Stage mentioned in sourceDesign focusQuestion to testPapers mentioning stage
Early childhood · preschoolAdult-mediated language, play and turn-takingDoes the child demonstrate the skill with a person after the tool is removed?24
Primary schoolGuided hints, concrete examples and fading scaffoldsCan learners explain and transfer the idea independently?17
Secondary schoolSelf-regulation, reasoning and confidence calibrationDoes AI support thinking or replace the learner’s first attempt?72
Children · stage unspecifiedDevelopmental context must be verifiedAre participant ages and the educational setting established?59
K–12 · mixed / unspecifiedGrade-specific appraisal before implementationWhich grades were actually studied, and do results differ by age?19
Higher educationDisciplinary reasoning, feedback and assessmentAre gains measured in students rather than in model exam scores?297
Adult & professional learningAuthentic practice and expert-supervised simulationDoes performance persist on a new task without AI?37
Age / stage not establishedPopulation verification before implementationCan participant ages or education stage be established in the full text?196

What the research currently supports

K–12: inspect the comparator

A systematic review of 28 studies involving 4,597 K–12 learners reported generally positive results for intelligent tutoring, with smaller advantages against non-intelligent tutoring comparators. The included studies were quasi-experimental and varied in duration. This supports carefully designed pilots, rather than an assumption that any AI tutor will improve learning.

Read the review and search its evidence →

Preschool: individual differences matter

A study of 28 children aged 4–5 followed four robot-supported word-learning sessions. Shy children showed different interaction behavior and lower initial post-test scores, but the reported gap closed on a later test. This is a small study of individual differences within robot interaction, not a demonstration that robots outperform teachers. It argues for examining delayed outcomes and learner variation rather than equating expressiveness with learning.

Read the preschool word-learning study →

Young learners: separate engagement from attainment

A nine-week elementary afterschool robot-theater program involved 38 children aged 6–10; 21 participated in research activities. The study reports perceptions and enthusiasm, alongside teacher concerns about distraction and peer relationships. It does not establish a randomized improvement in academic achievement or justify extrapolation to preschoolers.

Read the child–robot study →

University: promising effects can have weak certainty

A review of 66 randomized trials with 4,911 undergraduate health-professions learners found that most studies had high risk of bias and rated certainty low to very low. Positive knowledge, satisfaction or confidence results must be read alongside those limits. These are adult disciplinary settings, not evidence of effectiveness for school-age children.

Read the RCT evidence synthesis →

These brief interpretations are AI-assisted editorial synthesis of the linked source abstracts, not an independent systematic review. Read each full paper’s methods, outcomes and limitations before making an implementation decision.

Performance is not learning

Separate immediate assisted task performance, student satisfaction and model benchmark scores from delayed retention and unaided transfer.

Agency requires a boundary

Specify goals, tool permissions, memory, supervision and stopping rules. A chatbot label alone says little about autonomy or instructional quality.

Evidence needs a comparator

Ask who learned, compared with what, over how long and under which conditions. Review sample size, attrition, outcome validity and risks of bias in the full paper.

Research, agents and actionable companions

134 matching papers. Design labels are screening aids; verify methods before drawing causal conclusions. Clear filters

Intelligent tutoring & adaptive learning

ElectronixTutor: an intelligent tutoring system with multiple learning resources for electronics

Arthur C. Graesser; Xiangen Hu; Benjamin D. Nye; Kurt VanLehn; Rohit Kumar; Cristina Heffernan; Neil Heffernan; Beverly Woolf; Andrew M. Olney; Vasile Rus; Frank Andrasik; Philip Pavlik; Zhiqiang Cai; Jon Wetzel; Brent Morgan; Andrew J. Hampton; Anne M. Lippert; Lijia Wang; Qinyu Cheng; Joseph E. Vinson; Craig N. Kelly; Cadarrius McGlown; Charvi A. Majmudar; Bashir Morshed; Whitney Baer

International Journal of Stem Education · 2018-04-16 · CC BY 4.0

Higher education
Design / feasibility study

Learning design & outcomes

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Intelligent tutoring & adaptive learning

A Health eLearning Ontology and Procedural Reasoning Approach for Developing Personalized Courses to Teach Patients about Their Medical Condition and Treatment

Martin Michalowski; Szymon Wilk; Wojtek Michalowski; Dympna O’Sullivan; Silvia Bonaccio; Enea Parimbelli; Marc Carrier; Grégoire Le Gal; Stephen Kingwell; Mor Peleg

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2021-07-09 · CC BY 4.0

Age / stage not established
Qualitative / mixed methods

Cognitive load & attention · Assessment & reasoning

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Intelligent tutoring & adaptive learning

Tracking with (Un)Certainty

Abe D Hofman; Matthieu J S Brinkhuis; Maria Bolsinova; Jonathan Klaiber; Gunter Maris; Han L J van der Maas

Journal of Intelligence · 2020-03-03 · CC BY 4.0

Age / stage not established
Design requires full-text appraisal

Learning design & outcomes

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Intelligent tutoring & adaptive learning

Effects of Gamification on the Benefits of Student Response Systems in Learning of Human Anatomy: Three Experimental Studies

Juan J López-Jiménez; José L Fernández-Alemán; José A García-Berná; Laura López González; Ofelia González Sequeros; Joaquín Nicolás Ros; Juan M Carrillo de Gea; Ali Idri; Ambrosio Toval

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2021-12-15 · CC BY 4.0

Age / stage not established
Survey / observational study

Motivation & engagement · Assessment & reasoning

Read sourceActionable companionPaper agent

Generative AI education leadership collection · Full leadership collection